There’s something on your Mac what makes it pass - if the CLI passes locally, that’s exactly the same what happens on bitrise.io, the only difference is the environment, e.g. if you have files on your Mac which are not available on bitrise.io (because you did not commit it into your repo), or the tool versions.
I wonder, can it be maybe an NPM/Node version difference? It seems you used the Xcode 8.0 stack on bitrise.io, which has an older Node version preinstalled, although I’m not sure if this is related. The error is code related:
❌ /Users/vagrant/git/node_modules/react-native-fbsdk/ios/RCTFBSDK/share/RCTFBSDKShareDialog.h:21:9: 'FBSDKShareKit/FBSDKShareKit.h' file not found
#import <FBSDKShareKit/FBSDKShareKit.h>
^ ~~~~~~~
It seems that the FB SDK is simply not at the path your project configs expect it.
Now that I tried to search for the error, did you create this StackOverflow question? : http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41749205/react-native-fbsdk-file-not-found-on-ci
If you did, then it seems locally on your mac you have the FB SDK at ~/Documents/FacebookSDK, while on Bitrise.io you don’t. If your project is configured to look for the FB SDK at ~/Documents/FacebookSDK you should download the FB SDK there on bitrise.io too.
This would actually explain why it worked on your Mac regardless where you git cloned the repository, as ~/Documents/FacebookSDK will always be at the same place (~ means the “HOME” directory), while on bitrise.io it seems you don’t download the FB SDK there (from your logs it seems).