Do you use Automatic code signing in Xcode?
If you do, you have to include the Wildcard, Development, Team Provisioning Profile too. Xcode uses this for an initial code signing of the xcode archive, and only after that it does re-sign with the final code signing files, when it generates the IPA. You can find more information about this here: http://devcenter.bitrise.io/ios/code-signing-technical-details/#how-ios-code-signing-works-if-you-use-xcode-8-automatic-code-signing
You can use codesigndoc to collect all the files required for the initial xcode archive (.xcarchive) signing - it runs an archive on your Mac, it analyzes Xcode’s output to see which code signing files it used, and then it exports those files for you.
Reflecting on “That’s how it works on my local machine.” : correct, but you have this Wildcard Team Dev prov profile on your Mac - it’s downloaded automatically when you sign into Xcode.